The 27-year-old, who has played in every Premier League match for leaders Arsenal this season, will not travel to Lille for Tuesday's friendly with Tunisia, the CBF added in a statement.
The statement did not provide an estimate of how long Gabriel could be out.
A hamstring injury Gabriel suffered in April had sidelined him for over three months.
The injury comes as a blow for Arsenal, who are set to face local rivals Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea later this month, as they defend a four-point lead at the top of the table. Arsenal will also host Bayern Munich in the Champions League on November 26th.
Gabriel is the second Arsenal defender to pick up an injury in the last week, with Italy manager Gennaro Gattuso confirming on Saturday that Riccardo Calafiori had left the national team's camp with a knock.
Arsenal forwards Kai Havertz and Viktor Gyokeres are also out with injuries, along with wingers Noni Madueke and Gabriel Martinelli, as well as attacking midfielder Martin Odegaard.
Forward Gabriel Jesus has returned to training after suffering a cruciate ligament tear in January, but is yet to make his competitive comeback.