Returning from the August break with an engagement ring and a fresh spring in his step, Russell produced a best lap of one minute 11.567 seconds to beat the reigning champion by 0.041 of a second and secure his third pole from five sprints so far this season.
"It's great to be back here after the break. It's a circuit I love. It needs a lot of commitment," said Russell, third overall in the standings and 59 points behind teammate Kimi Antonelli.
"It was a tough end to the first half of the year, and I'm really happy to come back.
"The lap felt really good. It all came together really nicely. It's always difficult these sprint qualifyings with just one shot on the soft tyre."
Ferrari's Charles Leclerc will line up third on the grid for Saturday's race at the gusty seaside Zandvoort circuit with McLaren's Oscar Piastri fourth and Antonelli qualifying fifth in a damaged Mercedes after an early excursion into the gravel.
Home hero and four-time world champion Max Verstappen was sixth fastest for Red Bull and Ferrari's Lewis Hamilton, Antonelli's closest rival in the standings and 50 points behind, qualified seventh with Alpine's Pierre Gasly eighth.
The sprint winner takes eight points, with the top eight scoring. The big points come from Sunday's main race, after Saturday's grand prix qualifying.
"George is coming back. I think he feels so much pressure is off his shoulders after she (fiancée Carmen Montero Mundt) accepted his marriage proposal," joked Mercedes team boss Toto Wolff.
Norris, winner of the last grand prix in Hungary before the break, said he could easily have been first or fifth considering the closeness of the field.
"Maybe I could have just pushed it a little bit more, but otherwise the car has been performing well and looks like it’s continued its strong performance from Budapest," said the Briton.
"It’s not an easy track to overtake (on), and the inside of the grid is a lot worse than the left side of the grid, so let’s see.”
Antonelli went into the gravel during the first phase when he was only eighth fastest and Wolff revealed there had been significant floor damage that the team had patched up.
"I had a couple of holes in the floor," said the Italian, who turns 20 next week. “When I came in, they initially said it was a loss of 25 points (of downforce). They tried to repair as much as possible, but definitely the damage was still there. I was struggling a lot in the low-speed corners."
Audi's Gabriel Bortoleto qualified ninth with rookie Arvid Lindblad 10th for Racing Bulls.
Liam Lawson, promoted from Racing Bulls to stand in for the injured Isack Hadjar at Red Bull, qualified 11th while his Racing Bulls replacement Yuki Tsunoda was 12th.
There was disappointment for Fernando Alonso at Aston Martin, whose hopes for a performance boost from the upgraded Honda engine were undermined by a rear wing problem on the Spaniard's car that left the double world champion at the back of the grid.